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Betamethasone (Topical) (Monograph)

Brand names: Alphatrex, Betatrex, Beta-Val, Diprolene, Luxiq, Maxivate
Drug class: Corticosteroids
ATC class: D07BC01
VA class: DE200
CAS number: 378-44-9

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Jan 19, 2024. Written by ASHP.

Introduction

A synthetic fluorinated corticosteroid.

Uses for Betamethasone (Topical)

Corticosteroid-responsive Dermatoses

Relief of inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses.

Generally most effective in acute or chronic dermatoses (e.g., seborrheic or atopic dermatitis, localized neurodermatitis, anogenital pruritus, psoriasis, late phase of allergic contact dermatitis, inflammatory phase of xerosis).

Topical therapy generally preferred over systemic therapy; fewer associated adverse systemic effects.

Topical therapy generally only controls manifestations of dermatoses; eliminate cause if possible.

Topical efficacy may be increased by using a higher concentration or occlusive dressing therapy. (See Administration with Occlusive Dressing under Dosage and Administration.)

Response may vary from one topical corticosteroid preparation to another.

Anti-inflammatory activity may vary considerably depending on the vehicle, drug concentration, site of application, disease, and individual patient.

Cream and lotion (0.05% betamethasone dipropionate; 0.1% betamethasone valerate) are considered to have medium-range potency.

Foam (0.12% betamethasone valerate) is considered to have medium-range potency.

Ointment (0.05% betamethasone dipropionate) is considered to have high-range potency.

Cream, lotion, and ointment (0.05% betamethasone dipropionate) in optimized (augmented) vehicle are considered to have high-range potency.

Fixed-combination cream or lotion containing betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% and clotrimazole 1% is considered to have high-range potency.

Gel (0.05% betamethasone dipropionate) in optimized (augmented) vehicle is considered to have super-high range potency.

Inflammatory Tinea Pedis, Tinea Cruris, or Tinea Corporis

Used in fixed combination with clotrimazole in the treatment of symptomatic inflammatory tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis caused by Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and T. mentagrophytes.

Safety and efficacy of topical betamethasone preparations in fixed combination with clotrimazole for the treatment of infections caused by zoophilic dermatophytes (e.g., Microsporum canis) have not been established.

Treatment failure of topical betamethasone preparations in fixed combination with clotrimazole in the treatment of M. canis infections has been reported.

Psoriasis

Used in fixed combination with calcipotriene for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris) in adults.

Used in fixed combination with calcipotriene for the topical treatment of chronic, moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris) of the scalp in adults.

Betamethasone (Topical) Dosage and Administration

General

Administration

Topical Administration

For dermatologic use only; avoid contact with eyes.

Betamethasone dipropionate gel in optimized (augmented) vehicle and fixed-combination ointment or suspension containing betamethasone dipropionate and calcipotriene should not be used on the face, groin, or in the axillae.

Cream or lotion containing betamethasone dipropionate in fixed combination with clotrimazole or, alternatively, ointment or suspension containing betamethasone dipropionate in fixed combination with calcipotriene is not intended for ophthalmic, oral, or intravaginal use.

The area of skin to be treated may be thoroughly cleansed before topical application to reduce the risk of infection; however, some clinicians believe that, unless an occlusive dressing is used, cleansing of the treated area is unnecessary and may be irritating.

Apply cream or ointment in a thin film to the affected area.

Apply gel in a thin film and rub gently into affected area until absorbed.

Apply betamethasone dipropionate and calcipotriene fixed-combination ointment and rub gently and completely into affected area. Wash hands thoroughly after application process.

Apply foam to affected areas of the scalp. To dispense foam, invert container; dispense small amount of foam onto a cool surface (e.g., saucer) to prevent melting. Foam will melt immediately upon contact with warm skin; do not dispense directly onto hands. Gently massage foam into the entire affected area of scalp.

Apply betamethasone dipropionate and calcipotriene fixed-combination suspension to affected areas of the scalp. Wash hands thoroughly after application process. Shake fixed-combination suspension well before each use.

Apply a few drops of lotion to the affected area by holding the nozzle of the bottle close to the affected area and squeezing gently; massage lightly until absorbed.

Shake lotion containing betamethasone valerate and lotion containing betamethasone dipropionate in fixed combination with clotrimazole well before each use.

After a favorable response is achieved, frequency of application may be decreased to the minimum necessary to maintain control and to avoid relapse; discontinue if possible.

Administration with Occlusive Dressing

Topical preparations of betamethasone dipropionate alone or in fixed combination with clotrimazole or calcipotriene should not be used with occlusive dressings. However, when appropriate, occlusive dressings may be used as directed by a clinician to augment efficacy of betamethasone valerate preparations when treating resistant dermatoses. (See Occlusive Dressings under Cautions.)

Soak or wash the affected area to remove scales; apply a thin film of cream, lotion, or ointment; rub gently into the lesion; and apply another thin film. Cover affected area with a thin, pliable plastic film and seal it to adjacent normal skin with adhesive tape or hold in place with a gauze or elastic bandage.

If affected area is moist, incompletely seal the edges of the plastic film or puncture the film to allow excess moisture to escape. For added moisture in dry lesions, apply cream, ointment, or lotion and cover with a dampened cloth before the plastic film is applied or briefly soak the affected area in water before application of the drug and plastic film.

Thin polyethylene gloves may be used on the hands and fingers, plastic garment bags may be used on the trunk or buttocks, a tight shower cap may be used for the scalp, or whole-body suits may be used instead of plastic film to provide occlusion.

The frequency of occlusive dressing changes depends on the condition being treated; cleansing of the skin and reapplication of the corticosteroid are essential at each dressing change.

Occlusive dressing usually is left in place for 12–24 hours and therapy is repeated as needed. Although occlusive dressing may be left in place for 3–4 days at a time in resistant conditions, most clinicians recommend intermittent use of occlusive dressings for 12 hours daily to reduce the risk of adverse effects (particularly infection) and systemic absorption and for greater convenience.

The drug and an occlusive dressing may be used at night, and the drug or a bland emollient may be used without an occlusive dressing during the day.

In patients with extensive lesions, sequential occlusion of only one portion of the body at a time may be preferable to whole-body occlusion. (See Occlusive Dressings under Cautions.)

Dosage

Available as betamethasone dipropionate and betamethasone valerate; dosage usually expressed in terms of betamethasone.

Foam available as betamethasone valerate; dosage expressed in terms of betamethasone valerate.

Pediatric Patients

Administer the least amount of topical preparations that provides effective therapy. (See Pediatric Use under Cautions.)

Corticosteroid-responsive Dermatoses
Topical (Betamethasone Dipropionate)

Children ≥13 years of age: Apply 0.05% cream in a thin film to affected area, usually once daily or, if necessary, twice daily.

Children ≥13 years of age: Apply 0.05% cream in optimized (augmented) vehicle or 0.05% ointment in a thin film to affected area once or twice daily.

Children ≥13 years of age: Apply a few drops of 0.05% lotion to affected area once or twice daily.

Children ≥12 years of age: Apply 0.05% gel in optimized (augmented) vehicle or 0.05% ointment in optimized (augmented) vehicle in a thin film to affected area once or twice daily.

Children ≥12 years of age: Apply a few drops of 0.05% lotion in optimized (augmented) vehicle to affected area once or twice daily.

Topical (Betamethasone Valerate)

Apply 0.1% cream or ointment to affected area 1–3 times daily; once- or twice-daily application often is effective.

Apply a few drops of 0.1% lotion to affected area twice daily, in the morning and evening. Dosage may be increased in patients with resistant dermatoses; decrease frequency to once daily following clinical improvement.

Adults

Corticosteroid-responsive Dermatoses
Topical (Betamethasone Dipropionate)

Apply 0.05% cream in a thin film to affected area, usually once daily or, if necessary, twice daily.

Apply 0.05% cream in optimized (augmented) vehicle, 0.05% gel in optimized (augmented) vehicle, 0.05% ointment or ointment in optimized (augmented) vehicle in a thin film to affected area once or twice daily.

Apply a few drops of 0.05% lotion or 0.05% lotion in optimized (augmented) vehicle to affected area once or twice daily.

Topical (Betamethasone Valerate)

Apply 0.1% cream or ointment to affected area 1–3 times daily; once- or twice-daily application is often effective.

Apply 0.12% foam twice daily in the morning and evening. Discontinue when control is achieved; if response is inadequate within a 2-week course of therapy, consider reevaluation of diagnosis.

Apply a few drops of 0.1% lotion to affected area twice daily, in the morning and evening. Dosage may be increased in patients with resistant dermatoses; decrease frequency to once daily following clinical improvement.

Symptomatic Inflammatory Tinea Pedis, Tinea Cruris, or Tinea Corporis
Topical (Betamethasone Dipropionate and Clotrimazole)

Apply cream or lotion containing betamethasone 0.05% and clotrimazole 1% twice daily in the morning and evening.

If response is inadequate within a 1-week (tinea corporis or tinea cruris) or 2-week (tinea pedis) course of therapy with the combination of betamethasone 0.05% and clotrimazole 1%, reevaluate diagnosis or discontinue combination preparation and consider clotrimazole alone.

Plaque Psoriasis
Topical (Betamethasone Dipropionate and Calcipotriene)

Apply ointment containing betamethasone 0.05% and calcipotriene 0.005% to the affected area(s) once daily.

Apply suspension containing betamethasone 0.05% and calcipotriene 0.005% to affected area(s) of the scalp once daily for 2 weeks or until cleared.

Prescribing Limits

Pediatric Patients

Corticosteroid-responsive Dermatoses
Topical (Betamethasone Dipropionate)

Maximum 45 g weekly with 0.05% cream in optimized (augmented) vehicle or with 0.05% ointment in optimized (augmented) vehicle.

Maximum 50 g weekly with 0.05% gel in optimized (augmented) vehicle or 50 mL weekly with 0.05% lotion in optimized (augmented) vehicle; do not exceed 2 consecutive weeks of therapy.

Adults

Corticosteroid-responsive Dermatoses
Topical (Betamethasone Dipropionate)

Maximum 45 g weekly with 0.05% cream in optimized (augmented) vehicle or with 0.05% ointment in optimized (augmented) vehicle.

Maximum 50 g weekly with 0.05% gel in optimized (augmented) vehicle or 50 mL weekly with 0.05% lotion in optimized (augmented) vehicle; do not exceed 2 consecutive weeks of therapy.

Symptomatic Inflammatory Tinea Pedis, Tinea Cruris, or Tinea Corporis
Topical (Betamethasone Dipropionate and Clotrimazole)

Maximum 45 g (cream) or 45 mL (lotion) weekly of the fixed combination of betamethasone 0.05% and clotrimazole 1%; do not exceed 2 consecutive weeks of therapy in the treatment of tinea cruris or tinea corporis or 4 weeks in the treatment of tinea pedis.

Plaque Psoriasis
Topical (Betamethasone Dipropionate and Calcipotriene)

Maximum 100 g weekly of the fixed-combination betamethasone 0.05% and calcipotriene 0.005% ointment. Do not apply to >30% of body surface area. Do not exceed 4 consecutive weeks of therapy.

Maximum 100 g weekly of the fixed-combination betamethasone 0.05% and calcipotriene 0.005% suspension. Do not exceed 8 consecutive weeks of therapy.

Cautions for Betamethasone (Topical)

Contraindications

Warnings/Precautions

Sensitivity Reactions

Allergic contact dermatitis may manifest as failure to heal rather than irritation as occurs with other topical preparations that do not contain corticosteroids; confirm with diagnostic patch testing.

Discontinue therapy with betamethasone dipropionate and calcipotriene fixed-combination ointment if irritation occurs.

Major Toxicities

Risk of Systemic Effects with Highly Active Preparations

Betamethasone is a potent topical corticosteroid and can be absorbed in sufficient amounts to produce systemic effects including HPA axis suppression. (See Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Suppression and also see Systemic Effects, under Cautions.)

General Precautions

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Suppression

Topically applied corticosteroids can be absorbed in sufficient amounts to reversibly suppress the HPA axis. HPA-axis suppression has occurred following topical dosages as low as 7 g of the 0.05% betamethasone dipropionate cream in an optimized vehicle (3.5 mg of betamethasone) daily or following repeated application of 14 g of the 0.05% betamethasone dipropionate ointment in an optimized vehicle (7 mg of betamethasone) daily in patients with psoriasis.

Perform periodic HPA-axis evaluation by appropriate testing (e.g., ACTH stimulation, morning plasma cortisol, urinary free cortisol), especially in patients applying a topical corticosteroid to a large surface area or to areas under occlusion.

If HPA-axis suppression occurs, withdraw the drug, reduce the frequency of application, discontinue occlusive therapy, and/or substitute a less potent corticosteroid.

HPA-axis function recovery generally is prompt and complete following drug discontinuance.

Rarely, glucocorticosteroid insufficiency may require systemic corticosteroid therapy.

Systemic Effects

Systemic absorption following topical administration may result in manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome, hyperglycemia, and glucosuria in some patients.

Risk of adverse systemic effects increases with use of a high-potency topical corticosteroid, especially if applied to large areas of the body, for prolonged periods of time, with an occlusive dressing, and/or concurrently with other corticosteroid-containing preparations.

Infants and children may be more susceptible to adverse systemic effects. (See Pediatric Use under Cautions.)

Local Effects

Possible adverse local reactions (e.g., irritation, dryness, folliculitis, hypertrichosis, acneiform eruptions, hypopigmentation, perioral dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, secondary infection, striae, miliaria); may occur more frequently with the use of occlusive dressings, especially with prolonged therapy.

Prolonged use of topical corticosteroids may cause atrophy of the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue; these effects are most likely to occur (even with short-term use) in intertriginous, flexor, and facial areas. Do not apply betamethasone and calcipotriene ointment or suspension to treatment areas with preexisting skin atrophy.

If irritation occurs, discontinue drug and institute appropriate therapy.

Skin Infection

If concurrent skin infection is present or develops, initiate appropriate anti-infective therapy. If infection does not respond promptly, discontinue topical corticosteroid therapy until the infection has been controlled.

When topical corticosteroids and topical anti-infectives are used concomitantly, consider that the corticosteroid may mask clinical signs of bacterial, fungal, or viral infections; prevent recognition of ineffectiveness of the anti-infective; or suppress hypersensitivity reactions to ingredients in the formulation. In addition, consider the cautions, precautions, and contraindications associated with the anti-infective.

Treatment of fungal infections with topical preparations containing betamethasone dipropionate in fixed combination with clotrimazole may lead to clinical worsening and/or decreased cure rate due to suppression of the inflammatory response.

Fungal infections, especially noninflammatory tinea infections, may be treated effectively without the risk corticosteroid-associated adverse effects by using a topical antifungal agent that does not contain a corticosteroid.

Do not use occlusive dressings in patients with primary skin infection.

Some manufacturers state that topical corticosteroids are contraindicated in patients with tuberculosis of the skin, dermatologic fungal infections, and cutaneous or systemic viral infection, including vaccinia and varicella and herpes simplex of the eye or adjacent skin; however, most clinicians believe topical corticosteroids can be used with caution if the infection is treated.

Occlusive Dressings

Betamethasone dipropionate preparations should not be used with occlusive dressings.

Betamethasone valerate preparations should not be used with occlusive dressings unless directed by clinician.

Adverse systemic reactions may occur with use of occlusive dressings on large areas of the body and for prolonged periods of time; monitor accordingly. (See Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Suppression and also see Systemic Effects, under Cautions.)

Adverse local reactions may occur more frequently with the use of occlusive dressings, especially with prolonged therapy. (See Local Effects under Cautions.)

Do not use occlusive dressings on weeping or exudative lesions.

Do not use occlusive dressings in patients with primary skin infection.

Remove occlusive dressings covering large areas if body temperature increases; thermal homeostasis may be impaired.

Use plastic occlusive material with care to avoid the risk of suffocation.

Inadequate Response

If an adequate response is not achieved when treating tinea with topical preparations containing betamethasone dipropionate in fixed combination with clotrimazole, perform appropriate microbiologic studies (e.g., KOH smear and/or culture) to reconfirm the clinical diagnosis before instituting additional courses of therapy with combination preparation.

Rosacea or Perioral Dermatitis

Betamethasone dipropionate gel in optimized (augmented) vehicle is not recommended for treatment of rosacea or perioral dermatitis.

Use of Fixed Combinations

When used in fixed combination with calcipotriene or clotrimazole, consider the cautions, precautions, and contraindications associated with the concomitant agent.

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category C.

Lactation

Not known whether topical betamethasone is distributed into milk. Caution advised if topical betamethasone is used.

Pediatric Use

Use of betamethasone dipropionate cream, cream in optimized (augmented) vehicle, lotion, and ointment not recommended in children ≤12 years of age; these dermatologic preparations may be used with caution in children ≥13 years of age.

Use of betamethasone dipropionate gel in optimized (augmented) vehicle, lotion in optimized (augmented) vehicle, and ointment in optimized (augmented) vehicle not recommended in children <12 years of age; these dermatologic preparations may be used with caution in children ≥12 years of age.

Safety and efficacy of betamethasone valerate foam not established in pediatric patients.

Use of preparations containing betamethasone dipropionate in fixed combination with clotrimazole are not recommended for use in the treatment of diaper dermatitis or for use in children <17 years of age; safety and efficacy not established.

Safety and efficacy of fixed-combination ointment or suspension containing betamethasone dipropionate and calcipotriene not established in pediatric patients.

Adverse effects consistent with corticosteroid use have been observed in patients with diaper dermatitis treated with preparations containing betamethasone dipropionate in fixed combination with clotrimazole.

Tight-fitting diapers or plastic pants should not be used on a child being treated with betamethasone valerate cream in the diaper area, since they may constitute occlusive dressings.

Children are more susceptible to topical corticosteroid-induced HPA-axis suppression and Cushing’s syndrome than mature individuals because of a greater skin surface area-to-body weight ratio, especially when topical corticosteroids are applied to >20% of body surface area. The risk of adrenal suppression appears to increase with decreasing age. (See Systemic Effects under Cautions.)

Manifestations of adrenal suppression in children include linear growth retardation, delayed weight gain, low plasma cortisol concentrations, lack of response to corticotropin (ACTH) stimulation.

Children are also at greater risk of glucocorticosteroid insufficiency during and/or after withdrawal of treatment.

Intracranial hypertension has occurred in children; manifestations include bulging fontanelles, headaches, and bilateral papilledema.

Children are at greater risk of adverse atrophic dermatologic effects.

Striae has been reported in children treated inappropriately with topical corticosteroids.

Topical corticosteroid therapy in children should be limited to the minimum amount necessary for therapeutic efficacy; chronic topical corticosteroid therapy may interfere with growth and development.

Geriatric Use

Insufficient experience with preparations containing betamethasone dipropionate in fixed combination with clotrimazole in patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether geriatric patients respond differently than younger adults; skin atrophy and ulceration have been reported.

Use with caution in geriatric patients with thinning skin; do not use with occlusion and/or for treatment of diaper dermatitis.

No substantial differences in safety or efficacy of fixed-combination ointment or suspension containing betamethasone dipropionate and calcipotriene observed in geriatric patients relative to younger adults.

Common Adverse Effects

Burning, stinging, itching, irritation, dry skin, erythema, folliculitis, hypertrichosis.

Children: skin atrophy (telangiectasia, bruising, shininess), paresthesia (burning), erythema, erythematous rash.

Drug Interactions

Specific Drugs and Laboratory Tests

Drug or Test

Interaction

Corticosteroids

Potential pharmacologic interaction with other corticosteroid-containing preparations

Nitroblue-tetrazolium test for bacterial infection

Concurrent use of corticosteroids reportedly may result in false-negative results

Betamethasone (Topical) Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Topically applied betamethasone dipropionate and valerate can be absorbed through normal intact skin.

Extent of systemic absorption of the drug is increased with lotion preparations and those formulated with an optimized (augmented) vehicle.

Percutaneous penetration can be altered by using different vehicles and increases with decreasing age.

Percutaneous penetration also can be increased by use of occlusive dressings and by presence of inflammation and/or other disease of the epidermal barrier (e.g., psoriasis, eczema).

Distribution

Extent

Not known whether topical betamethasone is distributed into milk.

Elimination

Metabolism

Once absorbed through the skin, topically applied corticosteroids are metabolized primarily in the liver.

Elimination Route

Topical corticosteroids and metabolites are excreted by the kidneys and, to a lesser extent, in bile.

Stability

Storage

Topical

Betamethasone dipropionate:

Cream

2–30°C.

Cream in optimized (augmented) vehicle

2–30°C.

Gel in optimized (augmented) vehicle

2–25°C.

Lotion

2–30°C; protect from light. Store bottle in carton until used.

Lotion in optimized (augmented) vehicle

25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).

Ointment

2–30°C.

Ointment in optimized (augmented) vehicle

2–25°C.

Betamethasone-Clotrimazole Fixed-combination Lotion

25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C). Store bottle upright only.

Betamethasone-Clotrimazole Fixed-combination Ointment

25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).

Betamethasone-Calcipotriene Fixed-combination Ointment

Tight containers at 20–25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).

Betamethasone-Calcipotriene Fixed-combination Suspension

20–25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C). Do not refrigerate. Store bottle in outer carton when not in use and use within 3 months after opening.

Topical

Betamethasone valerate:

Cream

25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C); keep away from heat.

Foam

20–25°C; do not store at temperatures >49°C. The container should not be punctured, used, or stored near heat or an open flame, or placed into a fire or incinerator for disposal.

Keep out of reach of children.

Lotion

15–30°C.

Ointment

20–25°C.

Actions

Advice to Patients

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Please refer to the ASHP Drug Shortages Resource Center for information on shortages of one or more of these preparations.

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Betamethasone Dipropionate

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Topical

Cream

0.05% (of betamethasone)*

Alphatrex

Savage

Diprolene AF (in an optimized [augmented] vehicle)

Schering-Plough

Maxivate

Westwood-Squibb

Gel

0.05% (of betamethasone)

Diprolene (in an optimized [augmented] vehicle)

Schering-Plough

Lotion

0.05% (of betamethasone)*

Alphatrex

Savage

Diprolene Lotion (in an optimized [augmented] vehicle)

Schering-Plough

Maxivate

Westwood-Squibb

Ointment

0.05% (of betamethasone)*

Alphatrex

Savage

Betamethasone Dipropionate Augmented Ointment

Diprolene (in an optimized [augmented] vehicle)

Schering-Plough

Maxivate

Westwood-Squibb

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Betamethasone Valerate

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Bulk

Powder*

Topical

Cream

0.1% (of betamethasone)*

Betatrex

Savage

Beta-Val

Teva

Foam

0.12% (of betamethasone valerate)

Luxiq

Connetics

Lotion

0.1% (of betamethasone)*

Betatrex

Savage

Beta-Val

Teva

Ointment

0.1% (of betamethasone)*

Betatrex

Savage

* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name

Betamethasone Dipropionate Combinations

Routes

Dosage Forms

Strengths

Brand Names

Manufacturer

Topical

Cream

0.05% (of betamethasone) with Clotrimazole 1%*

Lotrisone

Schering-Plough

Lotion

0.05% (of betamethasone) with Clotrimazole 1%

Lotrisone

Schering-Plough

Ointment

0.05% (of betamethasone) with Calcipotriene 0.005%

Taclonex

Warner Chilcott

Suspension

0.05% (of betamethasone) with Calcipotriene 0.005%

Taclonex Scalp Topical Suspension

Warner Chilcott

AHFS DI Essentials™. © Copyright 2024, Selected Revisions January 29, 2018. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

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